Changing Landscape of Linear Broadcast TV Channels

Changing Landscape of Linear Broadcast TV Channels s, it has been explicitly stressed over the most recent readings and most recent advertising reactions of the buyer. The methodology has been explicitly started to offer a redesign research over the concerned point. Exploration Question The exploration is a commonsense methodology in understanding the subordinate results of IP TV with on-request content as a piece of formative structure of accomplishing broadcasting inclinations. The jobs of publicizing techniques and advertising choices are a lot of vital to the examination procedure. The exploration has been started based on following inquiries: What is the current worth chain of IP TV with on-request content? What are the fundamental highlights for the accomplishment of movement of IP TV with on-request content in TV industry? How might one recognize the serious modes looked inside the scopes of IP TV with on-request content? What is the job of promotions and popularized influence of projects in the improvement of overall revenues around here? Exploration Design The exploration configuration will follow quantitative examination technique. Under this procedure important methods of meetings and survey disseminations procedures will be started. There will be two methods of gathering information. The principal will be started through dispersion of surveys among chosen tests of shoppers from various age gatherings. This will additionally get followed by some restrictive meetings from certain experts from significant fields. The information gathered from the polls will be founded on the theoretical parts of understanding buyer requests and their inclinations with respect to the mechanical helps offered in the field of TV viewing. F included by this mode there will be the arrangement for interviews as well. From the significant field of TV advertising and innovation study suppliers; 5 to 7 individuals will be chosen for selective meetings identified with the point of view of job of IP TV with on-request content in present customer showcase. These meetings will likewise be the base for understanding customer requests and the modes to flexibly the equivalent. The discoveries will be founded on the gathered information from the polls and the meetings. The gathered information will be dissected according to chi-square investigation and the status of the theory will be broke down consequently. Each procedure will be done from pragmatic field of investigation and in this manner the whole information gathering mode will dependent on factual inferences. There will be a normal theory and through chi-square this speculation will be research to get the momentum method of understanding the status of IP TV with on-request content and the related worries for its turns of events. Most recent investigatory bases will be the rudiments for understanding the current patterns and appraisals identified with the IP TV with on-request content among the little chosen test in a specific locale. Dealing with Your Dissertation The procedure to deal with the exposition will follow exacting cutoff times and deliberate influence of exploration approach. The quantitative examination system and the readings will be the center base for determining down to earth and theioretical angles identified with the subject. Assortment of information and meeting the essential sources will be started with legitimate comprehension of optional sources.

Analytic Commentary- The analytic commentary will be a succinct Essay

Explanatory Commentary-The diagnostic analysis will be a concise evaluative bit of composing which recognizes the principle highlights o - Essay Example Such alerts have been related with issues, for example, the eroding of appropriate play regions (Rivkin, 1998); the development in ‘stranger dangers’ (Valentine and McKendrick, 1997); the move towards progressively home-focused relaxation exercises established on TV and computer games (Clements, 2004); and the development in youth corpulence (Ebbeling et al., 2002). Simultaneously, concerns have been conveyed about the apparent over-formalization of children’s early instructive encounters. Obviously, at that point, early years educators are currently being approached to start an increasingly experiential, play-based way to deal with realizing which incorporates a more prominent utilization of the open air condition (DfES, 2007). One manner by which schools are supporting children’s play and learning in the open air condition is through cooperation in ‘Forest School’. Timberland School has been characterized by the Forest School England organize as: A rousing procedure that offers youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups ordinary chances to accomplish, and create certainty and confidence through hands-on learning encounters in a forest domain. (Murray, and O’Brien, 2005) The college that was visited for the Forest School is known for its open space that included spots where youngsters could uninhibitedly move and take an interest in different physical exercises. It included regions where youngsters with the assistance of their creative mind could make stories that would help in the improvement of subjective capacities, spaces that would shield from downpour and daylight, give chances to difficulties and contact with nature. Various inquires about have upheld the upsides of learning in the indigenous habitat and kept up that kids need to play, to encounter space, development and tactile incitement for sound turn of events (Knight, 2009; Maynard, 2007). The Forest School experience underwrites tangible youngster drove ope n air play, supporting and animating interest and retention. Wilson (2008) demonstrates that the characteristic world alongside its astonishing rich wellsprings of tactile incitement, offers incalculable chances to encounter excellence. It can consequently fill in as an ideal hotspot for tasteful improvement of youngsters. The current condition furnished kids with a scope of chances for common tactile encounters which is likewise outlined in type of photos in Appendix A. The parts of nature were found through unique exercises concentrating on the miracles of nature felt through the faculties (Forest School Norfolk, 2009). The feeling of smell was experienced through blossoms, soil and wood that were found in Forest School. The feeling of seeing was satisfied by the shades of nature, assortment of creepy crawlies and vegetation. The brilliant bugs at the site extraordinarily pulled in the youngsters as one of them even inquired as to whether he could contact the centipede to have a n earby look. Likewise, different surfaces, for example, smooth grass, barks and rock way offered boost for their feeling of touch. What's more, trilling of the flying creatures, quacking of the ducks, snapping twigs and moving water gave boost to their sound-related faculties. Then again, the feeling of taste was satisfied by giving youngsters hot cocoa and scones for snacks. The earth gave motivation to all detects including visual, sound-related and

Was the Commerce Clause portion of National Federation of Independent Essay

Was the Commerce Clause segment of National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius accurately chose - Essay Example This was because of a discernment that the demonstration gave people who didn't obtain medical coverage covers the charge that was to have their wages burdened by the inside income administration as a penalty1. They asserted that the congress which is liable for making laws that administer them, was humoring them in a business obligation of which ought not be the situation. I concur with this thought as it fills in as a difference which is planned for ensuring the privileges of the minority. They act likewise had another arrangement; the Medicaid extension program. This arrangement expressed that the different states that make up America ought to give clinical help to grown-ups whose salary is beneath 133% of the government destitution line which I feel is a smart thought. This overwrote the Medicaid program that was set up during the time that offered clinical help to hopeful ladies, youngsters, penniless families, the visually impaired, the older and the crippled. The Medicaid exte nsion program was financed by the government same as it utilized the past Medicaid program. The demonstration further expressed that expresses that didn't conform to the demonstration would be denied the whole government Medicaid funding2. This additionally didn't foreshadow well with certain people as the national league of free business and furthermore twenty six states were against it. They thusly moved to the government area court to record a test against the individual command and the Medicaid extension program. The court of advance anyway held that the congress was working inside its established command while passing the provision on Medicaid extension and yet, it needed position to institute the individual order. Boss equity Roberts in conveying the court’s supposition inferred that â€Å"the hostile to directive act doesn't bar the suit (US constitution part II of 648 F. 3d 1235)3. This was on the grounds that the counter order act expressed that any individual who wished to sue for any assessment must

Characteristics of Services Essay - 275 Words

Characteristics of services (Essay Sample) Content: CHARECTARISTICS OF SERVICESService is a type of economic activity that is intangible, is not stored and does not result in ownership.Some of the Characteristics of services are? 1 PerishabilityServices are highly perishable compared to physical products. They cannot be stored, for instance ,if an airline does not sell all the seats on a particular flight, then those seats or rather the sales revenue of filling of them would have carried has immediately and irreversibly gone. Here the element of time assumes a significant position ,it cannot be stored. 2 IntangibilityPhysical products can be widely displayed for customers to see, feel ,touch, weigh or sniff before deciding whether or not they want to buy it . On the other hand, one cannot see, feel, smell, weigh, touch or sniff services due to the intangible nature. This has given rise to special problems for both th e supplier and consumer. Because services are intangible, while selling or promoting a service one has to concentrate on the satisfaction and benefit a consumer can derive having spent on the service. 3 VariabilityThe quality of services cannot be standardized. The provision of services invariably includes a large measure of the human element. Indeed with many services, we are purchasing nothing else but the skill of the supplier. Because of this it is often very difficult for both the supplier and consumer to ensure a consistent product or quality of the service. this is due to the difference in perception of individuals at the level of providers and users. 4 InseparabilityServices are generally created or supplied simultaneously. The service provision and provider are inseparable from the service consumption and provider. The service provider cannot be separated from the service itself. This has implications for both channels of distributions and scale of operations.e.g the entertainment industry, health experts and other professionals create and offer their services at the same given time. 5 Non-ownershipServices can be used or hired for a period of time. Unlike a physical product, the consumer does not secure ownership of the service. Rather the consumer pays only to secure access or use of the service. It is an activity that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. Ownership is not affected in the process of selling the service.6. SimultaneityServices cannot be moved through channels of distribution and cannot be delivered to the potential customer or user. Thus, either users are brought to the services or providers go to the users. It is right to say that services have limited geographical area. When the producers approach the buyer time is taken away from the production of services and the cost of those services is increased. On the other hand it costs ti me and money for buyers to come to the producers directly. Here the economies of time and travel provide incentives to locate more service centreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s closer to prospective customer, resulting in the emergence of service centreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s e.g. an airplane cannot be brought to the customer. 1 Quality measurementA service sector requires another tool for measurement. We can measure it in terms of service level. It is very difficult to rate or quantify total purchase. E.g. we can quantify the quality of food served in a hotel but the way water serves the customer or behavior of the staff cannot be ignored while rating the total process. Hence we can determine the level of satisfaction at which users are satisfied. Thus the firm sells good atmosphere convenience of customers, consistent quality of services, e.t.c. 2 Nature of demandGenerally, the services are fluctuating in nature. e.g., during the peak tourist season there is an abnormal increase in the demand of services. 3 He terogeneityThis character of services makes it difficult to set a standard for any service. The quality of services cannot be standardized. The price paid for a service may either be too high or too low as is seen in the case of entertainment industry and sports. The same type of services cannot be sold to all the consumers even if they pay the same price. Consumers rate these services in different ways .This is due to the difference in perception of individuals at the level of providers and users.Heterogeneity makes it difficult to establish standards for the output of service firm.CHALLENGES POSED BY CHARACTERISICS OF SERVICES 1 The marketer of the service cannot rely on the product-based clues that the buyer generally employs in alternative evaluation prior to purchases. So as a result the services are not known to the customers before they take them. 2 Services cannot be produced now and then consumed at a later date or time and this produces a new dimension to services. 3 The inability of the service sector to regulate supply with the changes in demand poses many quality management problems, hence service quality deteriorates during peak periods. 4 Managers face a problem in standardizing their services as it varies with experienced hand, customer, time and firm. 5 Inseparability of production and consumption involves the simultaneous in production and consumption which characterizes most services. Whereas goods are first produced ,then sold and then consumed, services are first sold and consumed simultaneously. Since the customer must be present during the production of many services, inseparability forces the buyer into intimate contact with the production process. 6 Heterogeneity concerns the potential for high variability in the performance of services. The quality and essence of all servi... Characteristics of Services Essay - 275 Words Characteristics of services (Essay Sample) Content: CHARECTARISTICS OF SERVICESService is a type of economic activity that is intangible, is not stored and does not result in ownership.Some of the Characteristics of services are? 1 PerishabilityServices are highly perishable compared to physical products. They cannot be stored, for instance ,if an airline does not sell all the seats on a particular flight, then those seats or rather the sales revenue of filling of them would have carried has immediately and irreversibly gone. Here the element of time assumes a significant position ,it cannot be stored. 2 IntangibilityPhysical products can be widely displayed for customers to see, feel ,touch, weigh or sniff before deciding whether or not they want to buy it . On the other hand, one cannot see, feel, smell, weigh, touch or sniff services due to the intangible nature. This has given rise to special problems for both th e supplier and consumer. Because services are intangible, while selling or promoting a service one has to concentrate on the satisfaction and benefit a consumer can derive having spent on the service. 3 VariabilityThe quality of services cannot be standardized. The provision of services invariably includes a large measure of the human element. Indeed with many services, we are purchasing nothing else but the skill of the supplier. Because of this it is often very difficult for both the supplier and consumer to ensure a consistent product or quality of the service. this is due to the difference in perception of individuals at the level of providers and users. 4 InseparabilityServices are generally created or supplied simultaneously. The service provision and provider are inseparable from the service consumption and provider. The service provider cannot be separated from the service itself. This has implications for both channels of distributions and scale of operations.e.g the entertainment industry, health experts and other professionals create and offer their services at the same given time. 5 Non-ownershipServices can be used or hired for a period of time. Unlike a physical product, the consumer does not secure ownership of the service. Rather the consumer pays only to secure access or use of the service. It is an activity that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. Ownership is not affected in the process of selling the service.6. SimultaneityServices cannot be moved through channels of distribution and cannot be delivered to the potential customer or user. Thus, either users are brought to the services or providers go to the users. It is right to say that services have limited geographical area. When the producers approach the buyer time is taken away from the production of services and the cost of those services is increased. On the other hand it costs ti me and money for buyers to come to the producers directly. Here the economies of time and travel provide incentives to locate more service centreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s closer to prospective customer, resulting in the emergence of service centreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s e.g. an airplane cannot be brought to the customer. 1 Quality measurementA service sector requires another tool for measurement. We can measure it in terms of service level. It is very difficult to rate or quantify total purchase. E.g. we can quantify the quality of food served in a hotel but the way water serves the customer or behavior of the staff cannot be ignored while rating the total process. Hence we can determine the level of satisfaction at which users are satisfied. Thus the firm sells good atmosphere convenience of customers, consistent quality of services, e.t.c. 2 Nature of demandGenerally, the services are fluctuating in nature. e.g., during the peak tourist season there is an abnormal increase in the demand of services. 3 He terogeneityThis character of services makes it difficult to set a standard for any service. The quality of services cannot be standardized. The price paid for a service may either be too high or too low as is seen in the case of entertainment industry and sports. The same type of services cannot be sold to all the consumers even if they pay the same price. Consumers rate these services in different ways .This is due to the difference in perception of individuals at the level of providers and users.Heterogeneity makes it difficult to establish standards for the output of service firm.CHALLENGES POSED BY CHARACTERISICS OF SERVICES 1 The marketer of the service cannot rely on the product-based clues that the buyer generally employs in alternative evaluation prior to purchases. So as a result the services are not known to the customers before they take them. 2 Services cannot be produced now and then consumed at a later date or time and this produces a new dimension to services. 3 The inability of the service sector to regulate supply with the changes in demand poses many quality management problems, hence service quality deteriorates during peak periods. 4 Managers face a problem in standardizing their services as it varies with experienced hand, customer, time and firm. 5 Inseparability of production and consumption involves the simultaneous in production and consumption which characterizes most services. Whereas goods are first produced ,then sold and then consumed, services are first sold and consumed simultaneously. Since the customer must be present during the production of many services, inseparability forces the buyer into intimate contact with the production process. 6 Heterogeneity concerns the potential for high variability in the performance of services. The quality and essence of all servi...

Essay about The Transformation of Benedict in Much Ado...

The Transformation of Benedict in Much Ado About Nothing In Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare manages to transform Benedict from a bachelor to being in love with Beatrice. Shakespeare does extremely well to make this change of character seem believable as it such a big one. Shakespeare does this by using key scenes to gradually reveal the true relationship between the two. This transformation is especially interesting as at the beginning of the play he argues with Beatrice and declares he will always be a bachelor. In Act I Scene I when the visitors arrive in Messina, Benedict appears to be an arrogant, patronising womaniser. In this scene Benedict has a merry war with†¦show more content†¦As Beatrice pretends to talk about him behind his back, we see another side to Benedict?s character. He seems to be hurt by Beatrice?s comments that ?he is a princes jester? as unusually for Benedict he doesn?t say very much and uses shorter replies to her remarks than usual. This episode is the first part of Benedict?s transformation and we see he is not quite how he describes himself in the opening scene as he does care what Beatrice thinks and when he says ?I would not marry her, though she were endowed with all that Adam had left him before he transgressed? it shows that he has actually thought about marrying Beatrice. In Act II Scene III Benedict has a very long soliloquy at the beginning. This is possibly the most important of all the scenes in this transformation as we see Benedict change his mind when he learns of how he thinks Beatrice feels. In his soliloquy he says ?I do much wonder that one man? become the argument of his own scorn by falling in love?. This line shows that Benedict is still very much a bachelor. Another example in this soliloquy is when he says ?May I be so converted?I cannot tell; I think not? All though he thinks he will not change from his bachelor ways, he does not seem as assured as he did at the beginning of the play and his view lacks conviction. When Don Pedro, Claudio and Leonarto pretend they doShow MoreRelatedHow Shakespeare Dramatically Presents Power and Authority in the Relationship Between Men and Women in Much Ado About Nothing1582 Words   |  7 PagesWomen in Much Ado About Nothing One of the key explorations of power and authority in â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† is the relationship between Hero and Leonato as father and daughter. The play was written in Elizabethan England, and social attitudes of the period, together with long standing tradition, influence Shakespeare’s portrayal of the â€Å"proper† relationship between father and daughter, and duty they owed to each other. In â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† it is very much a patriarchalRead MoreExamples Of Trope In Much Ado About Nothing And Pericles1625 Words   |  7 Pages A comedic convention which can easily be compared between Much Ado About Nothing and Pericles are the character tropes employed in both plays. Both plays employ similar tropes for their characters, though they both most notably employ the ‘lovers’ trope. In Much Ado About Nothing, two pairs of lovers are established by the end of the first act: Hero and Claudio and Beatrice and Benedict. The relationship between Hero and Claudio in particular forms rather abruptly and seemingly out of thin air –Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1285 Words   |  6 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing, is a comedic play by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599, as Shakespeare was approaching the middle of his career. (Wikipedia) This timeless play is generally considered one of Shakespeare’s best comedies, because it combines a cheerful mood with an intricate series of deceptions and miscommunications. It’s known for its hilarity, honor, shame and court politics. Shakespeare depicts different kinds of loving relationships- romantic love, family

Review Of Dracula By Bram Stoker - 1188 Words

In the diverse categories of monsters, there are specific types of monsters which are â€Å"cursed by a bite†Ã¢â‚¬â€Vampires, Zombies and Werewolves (Kaplan 2012: 136). Perhaps vampires are the most interesting of all. Vampires don`t morph into a howling hairy creature at the sight of full-moon and they are not controlled together by a sorcerer; rather they assimilate among us as gentle cannibals. The term vampire has been around for centuries. From Dracula (Stoker 1897) to Twilight (Meyer 2005), vampire culture has seduced fiction lovers all over the world. The main target for this craze is women. Before it was Dracula`s â€Å"otherness† that provoked fears in 19th century, â€Å"otherness† returns in the vampires of 20th century as a source of empathy and†¦show more content†¦As Milly was arguing Louis`s unwanted status is a sign of victimhood; he came to inhabit the category of â€Å"evil† vampire as a result of Lestat`s actions. This sign of victimhood and innocence is something humans can relate to, therefore Louis deserves our sympathy. There was a time when America had a traumatic events during and after Vietnam War. We see soldiers ordered to kill the innocents and didn`t have the option to distinguish good and evil. Like Louis, they were put into this situation regardless of their desire. They are good people in a bad place. Our awareness of how easy it is for good people to go bad could have increased our interest in vampires and started to view them positively. The true horror in the movie is not the gruesomeness and nudity, it is the monotony of eternal life. As a contrast to our recent obsession with immortal beauty, vampires themselves don`t appreciate their features as much. Though eternal youth and beauty is really something humans can only wish for. Before the arrival of vampire beauty, ageing was a major concern in the American society in 1980s. Plastic surgery promoters soon awakened our deeply embedded desire of sexual attractiveness and took it even further to women`s career goals, mental health and marriage. Connections were made between evangelical Christians and a culture of dieting and exercising, as a result bodily transcendence became a

Case Study Athina free essay sample

Purpose: Recommendations for the CFO of Athina Building Supplies Ltd. We are writing to you on behalf of IV Consulting Group after closely examining the financial statements of your national retail and commercial building supplier chain, Athina Building Supplies Ltd. ’s. We have stumbled upon several issues, which will be discussed in detail below. We have prepared an insightful report on our findings and recommendations as asked for by the CFO of the national chain. Though the CFO is whom we are reporting too, we have considered how our advice will affect other key stakeholders of Athina such as the investors and CRA (assuming it is a Canadian firm), as it is inevitable to undermine the recommendations’ impact on them as well. First and foremost, even though Athina Building Supplies Ltd. is now a private business it was once linked to a national chain. Assuming the national chain complied under IFRS, it would prove more reasonable to incur less costs of switching to ASPE and also to continue using IFRS in case Athina requires a bank loan or ultimately plans for an IPO in the future (since investors currently are foreseeing success and growth for Athina). Athina was sold to its present investors for $1,000,000 as they believed that the stores would be more successful if they were managed by companies with expertise in the particular department. If Athina earns a net income of over $500,000, it must pay 25% to the national chain up until 2019 (2017-2019). Athina has recently closed their 2017 financial statements and have a new income of $510,000. This reveals that according to Athina investors, the national chain is presently owed $2,500. The users of the financial statements would most importantly be the CFO, followed by the investors. The CFO and investors have two very contradicting objectives, on one hand, the investors will want to minimize their income because if their income exceeds $500,000, 25% of it must be paid to the national chain for the next three years (from 2017 to 2019). On the other hand, the CFO will want to maximize Athina’s net income to guarantee receiving 25% from investors. The last objective, stewardship was also kept in mind while reaching to a conclusion because Athinas investors are responsible for managing it on behalf of the national chain thus they must report their financial statements to the national chain. In this report we will be focusing on income maximization as the main objective since the CFO is the primary user. We will also be considering income minimization and stewardship as secondary objectives to show opposite impacts. ISSUE 1 As a retail and commercial building supply dealer, Athina does business in cash and credit transactions. Customers are given up to 90 days to pay, and no customer has defaulted on any amounts they owe as of yet. As of December 31, 2017 customers owe $275,000 and costs associated with this revenue is $150,000 however Athina does not recognize these sales as revenue because cash has not been collected yet. In efforts to support the primary objective, the $275,000 should be recognized right away since all five IFRS criteria is met by doing so (Refer to Appendix 5). Once the sales have been made the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to customers thus Athina no longer has control. The figure of the amount for revenue and cost is clear and collection is reasonable as Athina has mentioned no customer has ever defaulted. With all of this in mind, there is no reason Athina cannot recognize the $275,000 except that it will not meet their income minimization objective, but it will meet the CFO’s objective. Thus the $275,000 and the matching cost of $150,000 should be recorded right away. ISSUE 2 In 2017, it was discovered that certain assets purchased several years ago were not depreciated. It is inevitable to avoid expensing the depreciation cost of $175,000 for these assets, however in order to comply with the primary objective and still correctly report the depreciation expense in the 2017 financial statements, a solution has come to our attention. Generally, depreciation expenses with assets are recorded right away, yet Athina’s management failed to do so as an error and therefore this can be seen a usual/non-recurring item. The solution is to deduct the $175,000 as an unusual/non-recurring expense after a net income has been calculated for the business’s normal transactions (Refer to Appendix 1). Objectives of the investors will not be met with this solution as it maximizes income and pay out amount, but their method is still correct as well. ISSUE 3 In mid-2013 (assuming April), Athina obtained a five year dealership for kitchen cabinets, the contract was not renewed in 2017 but $210,000 were spent by Athina within 2013-2107 to set up displays to promote the line. $210,000 was capitalized and amortized over 10 years, and since it was discovered the products will not sell beyond April 2018, the unamortized portion was written off. The displays’ expense at December 31, 2017 becomes $105,000, meaning a remainder of another $105,000 is left to be expensed. (Refer to Appendix 2) In order to support the primary objective, and also provide a benefit for Athina’s management, the remaining $105,000 should have not been written off in 2017 but instead in 2018. This is beneficial in two ways, not expensing the amount in 2017 meets the CFO’s income maximization objective and for Athina’s management, because they are now aware they will not be able to sell the products beyond 2018, they should still use the remaining displays they have to sell as much of the product possible before April 2018 to attempt to cover or reduce the write-off cost. With this attempt, they are also not violating the matching principle in case they do make sales in 2018, then they will have the write-off cost to match with their revenue (Refer to Appendix 2). ISSUE 4 From examining the income statement and balance sheet for the year-end 2017, we learned that Athina purchased fairly old and poor condition heavy equipment at an auction for $225,000 and thus it needed repairs worth $125,000. These repairs prolonged its life for at least another ten years. The $225,000 was capitalized and $125,000 was expensed. Whether the $125,000 is a repair expense or betterment, is ambiguous therefore it is up to Athina to decide if capitalizing or expensing it is more beneficial to their reporting objectives. We as consultants believe, the repair cost of $125,000 should not have been expensed, but rather capitalized making the equipment worth $350,000 (225,000+125,000). Although the $125,000 was the cost to repair the old equipment, it was made to improve the asset and increase its useful life hence making it betterment. When this asset is capitalized, the cost would be spread out over ten years and just the yearly depreciation would be expensed. By eliminating the repair expense of $125,000, the net income and retained earnings are increased, subsequently, and comply with the CFO’s objective. Since income maximization is the primary objective, it is vital to capitalize the equipment for $350,000 and record a depreciation expense of $35,000 annually. Even though for Athina, the alternative of expensing the repair would mean a lower net income and compliance with their objective, it is a poor managerial decision because the equipment has more value now due to its extended life, which occurred only because of the repair and this must be acknowledged (Refer to Appendix 3). ISSUE 5 On July 15 2017, Athina signed a ten-year contract for $200,000 (non-refundable fee) with J. Alexander Songs Plumbing Ltd. to run their plumbing department. Capitalizing this asset is inappropriate because according to IFRS, it has no future benefit hence should be recorded as revenue. This revenue could be recorded in two ways. The first option is to recognize the $200,000 all at once or recognize it as unearned revenue and recognize the revenue over the term of the contract. Both are valid options and follow the five revenue recognition criteria set by IFRS (refer to Appendix 4). The alternative that maximizes the net income and meets the primary objective is recognizing all of $200,000 at once. Once the contract has been signed and the $200,000, non-refundable fee has been handed over to Athina, risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to J. Alexander Songs Plumbing Ltd. The figure of the amount for revenue and cost is clear and collection of the fee has already occurred, also displaying Athina no longer having control over the department. The second alternative meets the same criteria but does not match primary objective as you record portions of the $200,000 ($20,000 each year=$200,000/10years) as it is earned. Since the main objective is to increase net income, and all five revenue recognition criteria have been met under IFRS, there is no constraint forbidding Athina to record it in 2017. This is not ideal for investors, as they now have to pay a larger 25% from the net income, but legal for the CFO to request of Athina to report the total amount all at once. To conclude, the net income before unusual or non- recurring items after the recommendations have been implemented is $1,240,000. The payout to the national chain is $ 310,000 (25%) as opposed to the previous $2,500 (Refer to Appendix 5). This benefits the national chain in two ways- first, the increase of their net income and cash complies with the CFO’s main objective of increasing net income and secondly, an increase in revenue due to the success of Athina will attract other investors to invest in Athina, continuously making it a growing and prosperous business. Appendix 1 Entries performed by Athina Management: Dr. Depreciation Expense 175,000 Cr. Accumulated Depreciation 175,000 To record the depreciation expense Dr. Net Income175,000 Cr. Depreciation Expense175,000 To close the depreciation account for the period ending 2017 Recommended Entries by IV Consulting Group: Dr. Depreciation Expense 175,000 Cr. Unusual/Non-recurring Items 175,000 To record depreciation expense Dr. Net Income175,000 Cr. Depreciation Expense175,000 To close the depreciation account for the period ending 2017 Adjusted Net Income Before Unusual/ Non- Recurring Items (December 31st, 2017) $1,240,000 Athina’s Final Net Income After Unusual/ Non- Recurring Items (December 31st, 2017) $1,065,000 $1,240,000-$175,000= $1,065,000 Appendix 2 Cost of Displays: $210,000 (assumed to be bought April 2013, â€Å"mid-2013†) Number of Useful Years: 10 years Conjecture Residual Value: $0 Conjecture Depreciation Method: Straight-Line Depreciation Expense, Year Ended 2017= ($210,000/10 years) x 5 years = $105,000 Unamortized Amount, Year Ended 2017 = $210,000 -$105,000= $105,000 Write off Expense for 2017= $0 Write-off for 2018 (regardless of additional revenue made prior April 2018) = $105,000 Appendix 3 Correct Entry: Dr. Equipment 350,000 Cr. Cash 350,000 Record Purchase of Equipment Incorrect Entry: Dr. Equipment 225,000 Dr. Repair Expense 125,000 Cr. Cash 350,000 Record purchase of equipment Appendix 4 Criteria provided by IFRS for identifying the critical event for recognizing revenue on sale of goods is: a Significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred from the seller to the buyer—performance b The seller has no involvement or control over the goods sold—performance c Collection of payment is reasonably assured—collectability d Amount of revenue can be reasonably measured—measurability e Period/Product costs of earning the revenue can be reasonably measured (Freidlan, 171)1 Appendix 5 Net Income (December 31, 2017) $510,000 Adjustments Revenue from Builders and Contractors $275,000 Revenue: non-refundable contract fee 200,000 Cost of Goods Sold (150,000) Depreciation Expense Reversal, considered a unusual or non-recurring item 175,000 Write-off Reversal 105,000 Repair Expense Reversal 125,000 Net Income Before Unusual or Non- Recurring Items (December 31, 2017) $1,240,000 Payout to National Chain (25% of Net Income) 310,000 Unusual or Non- Recurring Items Expense (175,000) Net Income After Unusual or Non- Recurring Items (December 31, 2017) $1,065,000

Scientology Essays - Scientology Beliefs And Practices, Scientology

Scientology Scientology is a fairly new religion. Founded in the twentieth-century by a man by the name of L. Ron Hubbard. He began his studies long ago and wrote a book in 1950 called Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. He claimed that this book was one of the first tools used to solve the problems of the mind. This book focused on irrational mind, war, crime, and insanity. Mr. Hubbard designed this book so that anyone can use it to improve oneself. He did not stop at Dianetics, however, he felt that there were still some issues that had to be addressed. He was now going to try to figure out the nature of the human being, what makes up our "being." Mr. Hubbard combined religion, philosophy, and his theory of dianetics and came up with Scientology. Mr. Hubbard had a unique life. He was born in Tilden, Nebraska, the son of a naval commander Harry Ross Hubbard and Ledora May Hubbard. L. Ron Hubbard was born on March 13, 1911. When he was about two his family moved to Montana where he learned to be a rough western cowboy. His mother was thoroughly educated woman. She taught him how to read and write at an early age. L. Ron Hubbard was said to have an avid interest in life at an early age. When his father's naval career required that they move away from Montana, his mother was responsible to teach him the schooling he missed. When Ron was twelve the family moved to Seattle, Washington. Ron got the liberty to be associated with many different types of people such as the Blackfoot Indians, Beijing magician, Chinese magicians, and studying Buddhists. He enrolled at George Washington University, his father put him into mathematics and engineering. Now he learned how to take the scientific approach to solving problems. He became more and more interested in the way the mind works. He would ask the professors at George Washington University and they could not give him an answer, so he came up with the idea that the western culture did not understand a thing about the mind. He believed that it was his duty to explore the mind and to tell the western world how it works. This is when he came up with dianetics and then eventually the religion of scientology. Scientology consists of eight dynamics. With these dynamics, a person realizes that his life extends beyond himself. The first dynamic is "self." This teaches you to survive as an individual. Taking care of such things as mental and physical health. It does not include other people, it is the urge to survive as an individual. The second is "creativity." Creativity is making anything for the future. Creating a family, and raising children to the best of your ability. This dynamic also means that sex is simply a mechanism to procreate. The third is "group survival." This is the drive to survive in a group. This can be any group, community, friends, a company, a state, or a race. The size of the group does not matter, it is merely to survive as a group. The fourth is"species." This one is the dynamic of the species of mankind. Being American would fit into the third dynamic because it is a nation. The fourth deals with every man, woman, and child in the world. The fifth dynamic is "life forms." According to Scientology there are two parts to the mind, the analytical mind and the reactive mind. The analytical mind has standard memory banks which record memory as a series of mental images. It records standard factual data, however, it does not account for any type of emotional or physical pain. The reactive mind kicks in during moments of painful moments. It also records data with mental images though in a different way. The reactive mind is selective about what it records. It only takes in pain or the emotional part of any given situation. Mr. Hubbard believes that if you can reduce the use of the reactive mind, you will be able to solve situations more effectively. If you solve a problem without letting your emotions get in the way the solution will be more objective than subjective, and being objective will give you better results. There are three parts to the human body: the mind, the body, and the thetan. The term soul has taken on so many meanings that Mr. Hubbard has created a word which defines his meaning of the

Misgiving Essays - Poetry, Literature, Culture, Robert Frost

Misgiving Essays - Poetry, Literature, Culture, Robert Frost Misgiving Robert Frosts poem Misgiving exposes how one should experiencelife. He shows this through by comparing the blowing of leaves freely to thefree-will of an individual. This poem creates a new way of viewing life.Frost develops this through three major points, symbolism, imagery, andmeaning. Frosts establishes his first symbolism through the blowing of the leavesin the wind. It seems as though he is comparing himself to the leaves. Inthe poem the leaves are experiencing movement and moving about freelyand he is comparing himself wanting to experience the same thing. By himwanting to experience free-will in his life he clearly uses a leave and astem to show his symbolism of his desire. The most pleasant image in the poem is when he compares himself to theleaves and wanting to be able to move around as they do. In the secondstanza, Frost explains how deeply he wants to fly and at times he seeks asheltering wall for comfort and shelter. The third stanza completes the firstpart of the poem. The visual imagery here was the reluctant whirl and onlyevoked how he liked going through it but couldnt explain why notknowing where it would take him but only as long as it did. The meaning of which Frost portrays himself to b free as the leaves isbecause he does not want to become stagnant. He wants to experiencewhatever life has to offer, whether it is good or bad. To him theimportant thing is the knowledge and experience gained from the wholeevent. In the third stanza. When the leaves go back to where they werecan be compared to an individual in society. Most people are half-asleepmost of the time, but want to keep up with life experiences. Maybe theydidnt get anywhere but the knowledge and experience that was learnedwas the most important aspect gained. This poem indeed establishes symbolism, imagery and meaning. It isuseful for an individual to read in order to be aware and knowledgeableof experiences they may have had in their lives and to appreciate thefree-will each and e veryone of us are given.

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategy - Essay Example Over the last few years, mobile communication industry has increased in significance and size to grow into one of the key industries in Europe, overtaking pharmaceuticals and is now at per with aerospace firms. In the year 2010, the total revenues in the mobile handset market amounted to over 174 billion Euros and these figures are expected to keep going up as the market grows and the existing competing firms increase their production capacity as well as consumer base. Currently, mobile services are virtually ubiquitous with coverage almost at 100%; in Europe, the mobile penetration rate is well over 120% that towers over Japans, and America’s 100% and 104% respectively (Whitehead and Philips et al., nod). This is representative of over 600 subscriptions held by half a million Europeans, bearing in mind that many have more than one SIM card. Understandably, mobile services are the main form of communication, and they are used across all social, economic and age groups in Europ e. Because of the high revenues and rapid expansion, many mobile firms have joined the mobile phone industry and this has resulted in intense competition as the firms try to capture the lion’s share. ... Analysis of the Competitiveness of the Industry As aforementioned, the mobile industry is extremely competitive in Europe and firms are using all manner of strategies to keep ahead of the competition; this often involve developing new and more attractive technologies such as Android. This direct competition can attributed to saturations in the market which make it difficult to â€Å"Grow around the competition† (Dess et al.,2012, p.181).Firms are also producing more effective and convenient devices such as smart phones and tablets; furthermore, many of the new gadgets are being priced at comparably lower prices. One of the main competitors in the mobile industry in Western Europe is Samsung; today Samsung has evolved itself from a nondescript South Korean firm to become a dominant player in the global mobile market (Cellan-Jones 2013). Until 2012, Nokia had been the world’s leading brand in mobile phone production and exported more handsets as compared to other firm, ho wever, Samsung electronics, which also leads in the manufacture of TVs and screens overtook Nokia to become the world’s top mobile firm. Expert’s project that Samsung is likely accounts for 29% of all the mobile handsets shipments globally; on the other hand, Nokia’s share in the global shipments went down from 30% to 24 % within the same year (Deagon 2012). Samsung’s success can be attributed to innovative and proactive strategies; while its products tend to be pricey; it invests in the latest technology such as android for its devices and ensures that it gives its customers their money’s worth. Samsung has also diversified more than any other firm and in addition to holding the top market position for mobile handsets it

My father's song (Poem analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My father's song (Poem analysis) - Essay Example Their content shows different kinds of father-son relationships, though both are filled with intense bonds of love, while their forms and symbolism suggest the cycle and rhythm of life that can be distinct to every father and cultural group. Ortiz and Roethke both express intense devotions to their father, which is typical of the adoration that boys feel for their fathers, the main plot of the poems and evident in the diction that speak of their livelihoods. Ortiz remembers his father and misses him terribly. The plot of the poem talks about how he misses his father, â€Å"His voice, the slight catch,/the depth from his thin chest† (Ortiz 3-4). He misses him enough that his senses are all awakened, as if he can hear, see, and feel his father. Having the kind of memory that becomes almost physically real signifies a son’s intense devotion to his father. Furthermore, Ortiz uses diction that has rich imagery that is typical of Native American language. The â€Å"tremble of emotion† (5) and his song for his son are elements of Native American identity, where oral histories are part of everyday activities shared through songs and stories. The boy in Roethke’s poem also expresses his strong love fo r his father. He calls him â€Å"Papa,† a term of endearment, and he does not mind that he comes home drunk and dances the waltz with him, for he still â€Å"hung on† (Roethke 3) and clung to his shirt, as his Papa waltzed him roughly to bed (Roethke 16). It does not matter if Papa’s ritual is too rough for the boy; he enjoys it anyway and takes pleasure in being the center of his father’s attention. Lisa Jadwin underlines that the boy must be terrified of his father’s smell, actions, and appearance, but it does not matter. She interprets the plot of poem as one that â€Å"captures some of the fundamental joy a child experiences when playing with a parent and receiving that parents

Observation Narrative Essay Example for Free

Observation Narrative Essay Days of Old When Knights Were Bold Growing up, I was never that girl that fantasized about becoming a princess and meeting that special prince that would sweep me off my feet and save me from all misery. Even sorcery books such as the Harry Potter series did not appeal to me. I did not believe in any of that quirky fantasy land stuff so the idea of being dragged to the Michigan Renaissance Festival with my family over Labor Day weekend did not appeal to me; I would have much rather been out having fun in the sun barbequing with friends just as any other American typically celebrates the holiday. Staring out the car window all I saw was cornfields and the occasional Ma and Pa family owned restaurant or ice cream parlor. Mt. Holly came into view a little further down the road, but the slopes were dry and scarce due to it being summer. Tucked behind all the forestation was a small fairground where police orderly directed cars into the lot. The parking lot, overwhelmingly large in size, branched in two directions. One led to a general area and the other took cars single file down a long and winding path. This brought butterflies to my stomach. License plates were country wide varying from fellow Michiganders to visiting guests from neighboring states such as Indiana and Ohio and some traveling from as far away as Florida or Kansas. Once we secured our designated spot and our legs were fully stretched after sitting stationary for the hour drive we merged with the herd of people and marched together through the forest to discover this new unknown world. The walk was a journey in itself. The weeds in the wasteland of the parking lot stood knee high and tickled my leg with every movement. There appeared to be no end in sight as it was at least a mile long containing various obstacles such as logs barricading the path and bridges. Surprisingly there were no mosquitoes but the sound of the crickets chirping and the leaves crinkling all echoed loudly. I so badly wanted to turn around and hike back to the car but as I got closer I could catch glimpses of the festivities through bare spots between branches and heard ear piercing screeches and rowdy whistles along with bursts exiting out the tall vintage buildings. This shot my curiosity level through the roof and the excitement continued to build. The path had ended and before my eyes was a new world; something I had only seen before in movies. The spirit of the festival had overtaken my  body and the feeling was enchanting. Giant castles awaited me along with colorful flags and banners streamed over the entrance with cheerful greetings labeled, â€Å"Huzzah!† I was suddenly willing to give this all a chance and I had a new frame of mind that was open to adventure. Walking in those front gates was a lot to take in and represented a totally new side of the social spectrum when compared to a normal festival. People were dressed in a wide range of attire and it was hard to differentiate the workers from the tourists. The main clue was that tourists casually walked around grinning whereas the staff tended to get fully into character by perfecting their accent. Each got the chance to live out a life they had always dreamt of through roll play and step outside their comfort zone without being judged. There were fair maidens, juggling court jesters, wizards, elves, and fairies. All fantasy elements were covered and all of this contributed to the illusion of taking a step back and reliving medieval times. Coming from a family of macho men it was absurd to see a men proudly sporting kilts along with boots accented with bells that jingled with every step creating a musical tune of its own. Even more shocking was the fact that they all had a strong family support system lined up behind them all dressed matching in theme as well. It seemed that the more eccentric the outfit, the better. Long velvet capes with matching feathered hats or flowery garland in the women’s hair were also common while others dressed as mystical animals and pranced around with tails and ears. These costumes were all things that I would never be caught dead in but after a while strangely enough, we all blended together. There was an aroma of sweat due to everyone dressed in multiple layers but no one seemed to mind as it was a mere part of the ambiance as back in the Renaissance Period people did not shower for days. There was a plethora of patrons however that attended dressed in causal street clothes that sought a gratifying day out with friends and family but even they got sucked into the spirit of things and unexpectedly started curtseying and using the language. Dressing in garb expressed the true rapture of upgrading from being a patron to now a participant. This event catered to all ages. Fairy Godmothers rested on stones along the pathway making them readily approachable and eager to share their tales with anyone willing to listen. Their voices were so soft spoken it was impossible for anyone to simply pass by. Street peasants welcomed on goers  into their dancing circle as they chanted traditional hymns. I have never been much of a dancer due to my lack of rhythm but I must say once they got me started with the basics I refused to stop and entirely forgot others were watching. The petting zoo provided a wonderful hands on experience featuring encounters with livestock as well as other exotic animals such as lion cubs, kangaroos and toucans that could be bottle fed if you wished to do so. The king set aside a playscape for the kids to interact, swing and slide but also had other ways to test one’s knightly skills. The bungee jump seemed to draw the most attention but the archery, king of the log challenge and axe throws did not fall short in interest. Little girls had the chance to learn proper waves, curtsies and poise through a boot camp run by the village Princesses themselves. The Mermaid Lagoon was a disappointment in my opinion. After patiently waiting in a line for over thirty minutes I expected to see a luxurious area with mermaids whose tails sparkled elegantly in the sunlight, when in reality all it turned out to be was one girl in a cheesy costume floating in a dunk tank. On the flip side there was a wonderful replica wooden horse hung between two massive oak trees that allowed kids to race down full speed to master the art of ring spearing just as they had seen the real knights do out on the playing field at the nearby arena. The smiles on the children’s faces were contagious and it was a continuous chain reaction of happiness that spread rapidly. The adults had just as many activities to keep busy as well. Throughout the day various competitions were held to win bragging rights and often at times, gold chalices. Some of these included beard competitions where one could show off his whiskers and have the chance to win in the following catego ries: longest, thickest, most unique, and best overall. Part of me felt as if the cast and crew of the reality television series Duck Dynasty should have guest appeared at the ceremony to distribute the prizes but my wish fell short. The tattoo contest was run in the same manner but instead with the categories being: best black and grey tattoo, best color tattoo, best overall, and worst overall. I was amazed to see that the male to female contestant ratio was relatively close to equal. To continue the friendly competitions, in one of the main colorful tents was a Root Beer belching competition that some competitors were proudly capable of rumbling the stage. It was impressive yet disturbing all in one. Good sportsmanship was  well displayed and no one took the loss to heart by sincerely congratulating the winners. The objective of the Pub Crawl was to drink one beer at each of the four stations while led by entertainers to keep the atmosphere cool, calm, and relaxed. Upon the departure from each bar, fairies would splatter glow paint on one’s chest. The streets were flooded with an abundance of vendors ranging from apparel and candles, to plants and paintings. This is how most vendors earned a living so without surprise, they pushed their products diligently. Unfamiliar musical instruments such as bird whistles and bongos brought a new sense of relaxation as I closed my eyes and let my mind take me elsewhere. I was utterly fascinated with the number of people willing to pay for palm reading to uncover different aspects of future life including successes and love. Superstitions were more common than I thought. As some would say, there is no harm in jumping on the bandwagon every once in a while. With that being said, a hookah station was set up encouraging tourists to take a break and get a little weird. Men dressed in puffy shirts and flared out pantaloons walked around carrying large, woven baskets overhead selling flowers to all the fair maidens. All were very well mannered and charming. The patrons were invited to participate in the annual fairy house competition in which the top three winners received awards for their hard work and creativity. The rules advised artists to make durable houses that could withstand any weather using entirely natural materials and furnishing the inside and outdoor with landscape. Out in the open area stood two actors that mastered the art of pretending to be a statue and were covered head to toe in grey body paint. Their movements were slow and swift as they changed poses to be photographed by on goers. My dad was the only one to spot the man standing in a pot to look like a shrub while the rest of us nonchalantly walked by completely oblivious to such a phenomenon. In this man’s case, he could join in the fun but also camouflage his true identity. The festival as a whole is made up of hundreds of very diverse and multi-talented entertainers that never fail to please and in most circumstances is what keeps people coming back year after year. There is always a show going on ranging from group or stand-alone comedians to singers and quartets greeting newcomers at the welcome gate. A group of the finest acrobats were selected to show off their coordination and extraordinary balance doing tricks requested by audience members. A  costumed human chess game took place behind the jousting arena and was played using actors instead of volunteers to bring out true combat when one tried to take ou t another piece. With this new twist whoever won the choreographed fight earned the right to the spot on the game board. The captain and his fellow ship mates auctioned off one of a kind items from his pirate ship. Here, buyers could purchase things such as swords and daggers at extremely low prices. Zoltan the Adequate was another street entertainer that did anything to please his audience. He did bizarre tricks such a balloon swallowing to fire eating to nearly severing his own arm. As one would assume young children would be the easiest to deceive although Zoltan was able to keep all age groups tuned in with his sense of danger, excitement and edgy interactive magic. An unsuspected audience member was selected to assist him in a few tricks and that individual coincidentally turned out to be my mother. My mother is very shy and certainly does not like being the center of attention so we were dumbfounded that she did not object or throw a tantrum about going on stage. She faced her fears and as result, all we heard for the remainder of the afternoon was how we should be proud of her. The most attended event of the day included the heart stopping jousting tournament which had trained professionals of this skill that were willing to fight to their death to win the honor and respect of their town’s people. I really liked the concept of this because nowadays it is no t as common to find gentlemen of this caliber. Back then, men were raised to be chivalrous towards women and the less fortunate, strongly serve God and do their King proud. Each knight and their noble horse were fancily clothed and color coordinated all promising to use the strength in their hearts to ride their opponents to the dirt. As in any highly competitive sporting event, both the crowd and the contestants heckled one another and at times, I would witness the crowd unite as one as we raised up our drinks and roared together with great enthusiasm. These knights did just as they had promised and played with blood, sweat, grace, and complete dedication never losing focus. The three main events were the warm up which consisted of squires holding the rings and after a few run-throughs, actually tossing them into the air as the knights rode by spearing them. Then proceeded with the joust face off which was quite physical being that the one knight intentionally knocked an opponent off resulting in an injury that sought  immediate medical attention. By the end of the joust all four knights hobbled their way to center stage to face each other one last t ime in a traditional sword fight. A little girl from the sidelines managed to escape her mother’s arms and ran out to an injured knight and healed him with a kiss on the cheek. The show shortly wrapped up after that and the barriers of the different cheering sections vanished as the knights mingled with the crowd and allowed the young children to pet their steed. The royal tavern had an endless array of food that would easily satisfy the heartiest of appetites. From savory turkey legs and Barbarian burgers to deep fried desserts and apple dumplings, there were plenty of options to choose from. The portion sizes were generous for the prices being so reasonable. Most things served to eat came on a stick whether it was hot pickles, which were conveniently sold at every street corner or frozen bananas and cheesecake. Table manners and common eating etiquette did not apply at the festival hence why they did not supply utensils or napkins. In fact, the most lady-like way of eating the authentic turkey leg was to take two fingers and rip off pieces. Most importantly, there was plenty of beer to wash it all down and for the nonalcoholic attendees; sodas, smoothies and other beverages were sold. Stepping out of one’s comfort zone opens a whole new world filled with opportunity and adventure. The biggest setback for exploring something new is fearing what others will say or think. The people involved with this festival clearly did not care abo ut any of that and it was enjoyable to see and appreciate their colorful imaginations. I gained a lot from this experience because going in, I had no clue what to expect it created an exhilarating suspense. I learned that is completely acceptable to be silly to whatever extent and people often tend to respect you more for it because you are willing to take that risk of resisting society’s norm.

America Needs More Government Programs to Pull People Out of Poverty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

A frightened young girl sits in a doctor’s office ready to receive the news that will change her life forever. She has made foolish choices which will leave her with a child, no husband, and an uphill struggle against poverty. In high school, she dreamed of college, a career, and later a family. Now the order has been reversed as she takes on a new role — a single mom. This role will keep her from graduating from high school and leave her without an education. She will never have a well-paying career and she will face unending struggles to support her child. It has often been believed that hard work will lead to financial success. The underprivileged look to figures such as Andrew Carnegie and an enticing story of rags to riches. Americans turn their eyes toward a dream of being a great entrepreneur and establishing a legacy of wealth. The typical citizen believes that with hard work, obstacles can be overcome with a life of luxury as the prize. Unexpected obstacles, such as pregnancy at a young age, are not calculated into this dream. In addition, society tells us that the poor are in a state of poverty because the lower class is not willing to do the hard work that is necessary to acquire any kind of high-esteemed position. This, however, is not the case. A single mother, like the sixteen year-old girl, can work long hours and multiple jobs but still not make an adequate amount of money to support her child. Poverty exists in a cyclical fashion, as David Shipler shows: A run-down apartment can exacerbate a child’s asthma, which leads to a call for an ambulance, which generates a medical bill that cannot be paid, which ruins a credit record, which hikes the interest rate on an auto loan, which forces the purchase of an unreliable used car, which jeopardizes a mother’s punctuality at work, which limits her promotions and earning capacity, which confines her to poor housing (11). Something must be done to aid the girl so that she might provide for her new baby. However, segregation exists between the various income levels in America. The wealthy have little to no interaction with the financially unstable, yet according to Barbara Ehrenreich: the affluent exert inordinate power over the lives of the less affluent, and especially over the lives of the poor, determining what public services will be available, if any, what minimum wage, what laws governing the treatment of labor (216). America Needs More Government Programs to Pull People Out of Poverty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays A frightened young girl sits in a doctor’s office ready to receive the news that will change her life forever. She has made foolish choices which will leave her with a child, no husband, and an uphill struggle against poverty. In high school, she dreamed of college, a career, and later a family. Now the order has been reversed as she takes on a new role — a single mom. This role will keep her from graduating from high school and leave her without an education. She will never have a well-paying career and she will face unending struggles to support her child. It has often been believed that hard work will lead to financial success. The underprivileged look to figures such as Andrew Carnegie and an enticing story of rags to riches. Americans turn their eyes toward a dream of being a great entrepreneur and establishing a legacy of wealth. The typical citizen believes that with hard work, obstacles can be overcome with a life of luxury as the prize. Unexpected obstacles, such as pregnancy at a young age, are not calculated into this dream. In addition, society tells us that the poor are in a state of poverty because the lower class is not willing to do the hard work that is necessary to acquire any kind of high-esteemed position. This, however, is not the case. A single mother, like the sixteen year-old girl, can work long hours and multiple jobs but still not make an adequate amount of money to support her child. Poverty exists in a cyclical fashion, as David Shipler shows: A run-down apartment can exacerbate a child’s asthma, which leads to a call for an ambulance, which generates a medical bill that cannot be paid, which ruins a credit record, which hikes the interest rate on an auto loan, which forces the purchase of an unreliable used car, which jeopardizes a mother’s punctuality at work, which limits her promotions and earning capacity, which confines her to poor housing (11). Something must be done to aid the girl so that she might provide for her new baby. However, segregation exists between the various income levels in America. The wealthy have little to no interaction with the financially unstable, yet according to Barbara Ehrenreich: the affluent exert inordinate power over the lives of the less affluent, and especially over the lives of the poor, determining what public services will be available, if any, what minimum wage, what laws governing the treatment of labor (216).

Analisys Short Film Signs Essay

A. PLOT 1. Setting- In the actuality, Australia in their work office, train or public bus, room in his house, public road and a park. 2. Mood- humurous 3. Protagonist- Jason * Physical attributes- 25-30 years, white an Australian race, good looking and elegant man. * Social attributes- educated, professional, single 4. Conflict- One person against himself. 5. Rising Action- The moment when Jason glances at Tracey through the window of his office 6. Turning point- There are many turning points. * When she confesses the secret that she is watching first. * Climax- When he wants to meet with her, but he have fear to invite her to the first date. 7. Resolution- When they first meet. B. Symbolism C. Obviously all the short film is a symbolism because they express their feelings by signs Irony * Situational Irony ‘’So close and so far’’. The venue is the space between the two buildings. There is a discrepancy because he is suffering for her and he can cross the street, go to the building and ask for her. D. Poetic Justice * No found in this short film. E. Foreshadowing * Musical – The film has no dialog between the two main characters, just a soundtrack. Changes in the melody line and great track at the end of movie; in this case the music shows us the emotions of the protagonists. F. Thesis  Where do you find love? If we knew, we would all know where to look.  Sometimes all you need is a sign G. Improving the story and the movie  * What scenes would you add? A scene with the life of her for knows what kind of people she is. * What scenes you leave out? Modify? I will not modify any scene. * How would you modify the setting, the protagonist, the other characters, the dialogue? No modify * How would you change camera angles in different scenes? Yes, in a part to see what she sees. * Other changes?  I would change all the final part. The scene would be a perfect romantic encounter.

Government Policies Should Not Be For The Well Being Of...

Government policies are supposed to be for the well-being of the people that government serves. The problem is that not all of the people agree that one policy or another is in their best interest; therefore, it can appear that the government is forcing policies on them. The policy making process is very much like a double-edged sword for the government. What may be good for the many will often times not be good for the few, or the one. Even though government is created by the people, it is run by elected officials who won their positions by the majority vote; meaning the minority group often does not benefit. Whether government policies are good or bad for the whole will greatly depend on who is the driving force, the Executive, behind the policies. Mr. Roosevelt stated that Thomas Jefferson believed that government should not interfere with the individual and his inherent rights, but is supposed to protect those rights. However, Jefferson also believed that interference is inevitab le because in the attempt to protect the individual rights, the government will, in one way or another, affect those rights. Government cannot possibly protect the rights of all the people even though that is the purpose of government. The results of government policies, good or bad, may not be immediately realized by the populace. It could take years before the outcomes are known, yet some results are realized right away. With each election new faces are added and those faces can make theShow MoreRelatedThe On The Hands Of The People913 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Hands of the People When looking at corrupted services such as fast food eateries that serve items genetically modified packed with countless calories, or the trends of wastefulness allowing higher gas emissions to pollute the earth, and even misleading advertising from cigarette ads aimed to target children, a sense of helplessness occurs. Helpless because the laws that govern the well being of the people are neglected . Subsequently, this feeling is followed by a question of whose exactRead MoreThe Ethical Principles Of The Flu Vaccine Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesInfluenza is a respiratory infection caused by a range of flu virus. The virus is very contagious and can cause mild to severe illness and even death. Droplets spread the virus, especially when infected people cough, sneeze or talk. Touching a contaminated surface or object can also transmit the virus. Getting vaccinated annually is the best method of averting the flu virus. 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However a lot of speculation has been made whether or not welfare recipients in particular should be subjected to mandatory drug testing. According to Besonen, prog rams such as welfare were created in the 1930s to temporarily aid struggling Americans to help get them back up on their feet. (Besonen, 2014). Government assistance at that time also offered incredible medical benefits and this is also around time is when the â€Å"war on drugs† was declared. AtRead MoreDominant Theory Of Public Administration Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagescompetition-driven tactics in the New Public Management, beginning in the 1980s (Kettl, 2000, p. 3). This was an effort to privatize government and streamline public administration to maximize efficiency and productivity. Heavily relying on market mechanisms to guide public programs, public administrators in the New Public Management are encouraged to â€Å"steer, not row,† meaning they should not bear the burden of delivering services, but instead define programs that others will carry out, through contracting orRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Don t Require Formal Punishment1493 Words   |  6 Page sto Svara, â€Å"Administrative ethics refers to well-based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what public administrators ought to do in terms of duty to public service, principles, virtues, and benefits to society† (Svara, 2015). Public official’s primary duty is to serve to public, the values of these officials can create confidence and trust from the public. 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Human Resources - 10735 Words

Introduction Human resources are the most important resources in any organisation. To succeed a business needs committed staff to meet its aims and objectives. Staff must be trained and motivated by the management to achieve their potential. In small businesses with one or two employees the responsibility for the human resources usually lies with the owner. Other small businesses with a slightly larger workforce may have a designated person whose job is to look after issues relating to staff. Large organisations with many employees have a whole section called the personnel or human resources department. It is the responsibility of the human resources department to ensure that the organisation recruits the correct staff, and that†¦show more content†¦The IT Development Manager will take on the majority of the management and organisational work in the department, which has been carried out in the past by the lecturers. The College placed an advertisement on the staff noticeboard, but none of the non-teaching staff at the College had the combination of management and IT skills necessary for the job, and the lecturers did not want a non-teaching job. The College therefore has to look outside to find a suitable person. Using external labour market information is a good way for a business to look at the kinds of people they should recruit and it can then target its advertisements at the right people for the job. Businesses can look at lots of different employment trends to see where the potentially suitable people might come from. Hull College would need to look at the information for South London, which they can get form SOLOTEC, the South London Training and Enterprise Council. SOLOTEC provide information and statistics on a wide range of employment trends. Training and education A business who is interested in employing a school or college leaver may want to look at how many young people leave school to work or go on to higher education. The overall staying-on rate in South London is fairly similar to the whole of London, but since last year there has been a decline inShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource And Human Resources2538 Words   |  11 Pages Human resources departments, has fueled the need for exceptional talent, Human resources is a departments, in some companies it has become a global workforce. Human resource offered Challenges, however, on the positive side, people can be hired for all kind of opportunities† human resources can consist of a group of people or one person. Human resources is over hiring, firing, training, and managing, also supplying a good benefit package, many companies has a human resource department whichRead MoreHuman Resources : Human Resource Professionals1709 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource professionals use several different methods to make sure that they have the best employees they can possibly have, as well as attain new ones. Human resources is a job all about the people that one works with. It is a job that keeps people safe, makes sure one’s rights are protected, helps generate a profit through the type of employees one hires, and a job that strives to give employees every opportunity to succeed. The hospitality industry is one which people are the main ingredientRead MoreHuman Resources And The Human Resource Department2150 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Human Resources are concerned with the management of people within an organization, not only to minimize internal issues but to also ensure a highly functional workforce. The department is responsible for recruiting suitable candidates, identifying and meeting the training needs of existing staff, ensuring employees welfare and safety, and raising awareness of current workplace legislation (BBC, 2014). In addition to the above responsibilities, the Human Resources Department alsoRead MoreHuman Resources And Human Resource Management10880 Words   |  44 PagesHuman Resources Defined As a Salon Owner you may have heard the term Human Resources as these departments started showing up in small to large companies in the late 1960’s. The purpose of these departments was to have specialists that advised their Corporate Management staff on everything from hiring to performance management. Normally the department would be headed up by a person who was qualified, experienced and had formal education in Human Resource Management from an accredited college or universityRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human resource management Introduction As storey (2001) explains that human resource management concept is typical approach to business which quest to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic disposition of dedicated and committed human work force using array of values, culture, personnel and structural techniques. In simple word Human resource denotes to employees that help to run and drives an organisation which is also the main workforce of any organisationRead MoreHuman Resources And The Human Resource Department1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Resource department is considered to be the most important department for the development and progress of the work processes of the concerned organization. The HR department plays the most crucial role in managing the desired activities of the employees of an organization as well as it recruits the skilled employees to the firm. This research paper will help in explaining the process by which the Human Resource adds desired values to an organization. For any of t he particular firm, theRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources938 Words   |  4 PagesHuman resource management is becoming higher in demand everyday. Employment for human resource manager is projected to grow 9 percent from 2014 to 2024 (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2016). On average this occupation is growing faster than most occupations. Over the 5 years to November 2019 jobs that will open for Human resource management is expected to be above average employing between 25,001 and 50,000 more (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2016; Human Resource Manager, 2015). Whenever newRead MoreHuman Resource Department : The Human Resources Department816 Words   |  4 Pagestalented employees. The human resources department has had an important role and underappreciated role in employee hiring and retention. Through the use of strategic human resource planning, human resources departments are able to benefit a company both directly and indirectly. A direct benefit of the human resources department is the support the department provides to line managers. Human resource department staff are available to provide support to line managers, but human resource staff should notRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources925 Words   |  4 Pagesyou were to ask any human resources professional what their responsible functions were you would receive many different responses based on their department. â€Å"No two human resources departments have precisely the same roles because of differences in organization sizes and characteristics of the workf orce, the industry, and management values.† (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhard, Wright, 2016). Even though the roles in the departments are different, the functions that human resources are supportive of remainRead MoreHuman Resources And Human Resource Management1286 Words   |  6 PagesAs I have written this essay I have come to the conclusion that the organisational structure is defined by its human resources processes. Human Resources (HR) or Human Resource Management (HRM) depending on your view point, has ultimately defined employees as a commodity. Where once there was security and familiarity within our employment; â€Å"security, permanent flux and change without beginning or end have become the established norm and this has had a consequential impact on the attitudes of employees

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay - 657 Words

What comes to mind when the word morals is said? Whose morals should be followed, individual or group? In A Doll House, Ibsen portrays the protagonist, Nora, to follow the morals of her husband, Torvald. Four key aspects that help Nora decide to change her mind and make a decision to leave Torvald. These include the constant change of nicknames, the questioning of her own independence, the questioning of Torvalds love, and the realization that Torvald loves his reputation more then herself. As a result, Nora sets out to find her own individuality and moral beliefs. When it comes to the use of nicknames, the tone of voice is an indication of how a person feels about another. As the story begins, we find Nora and Torvald in†¦show more content†¦As their conversation grows deeper, a smaller argument begins to form. They begin talking about burdens that each one has dealt with and Mrs. Linde states, ... you know so little of lifes burdens yourself (1192). Nora, taking offense, replies, Youre just like the others. You all think Im incapable of anything serious (1193). This is the second piece of evidence because Mrs. Linde helps Nora to begin realizing that she has not been as independent as she thought. Nora starts to apprehend that she has been sheltered her whole life and does not know what it means to be independent or to have her own set of morals. She begins to question what she believes in and what others have her believing in. As Mrs. Linde and Nora continue with their conversation, Nora begins to question whether Torvald does love her. Nora begins to tell her story of how she was the one to raise the money for the trip to Italy and not Torvald. She reveals how she went to Krogstad and asked for a loan to help pay for the trip. When Mrs. Linde asked if Torvald knew any of this information Nora replied, Hes so strict on that subject ... with all his masculine pride how painfully humiliating for him if he ever found out he was in debt to me (1194). Nora did not feel comfortable telling Torvald about the predicament because she did not want to offend him. Torvald is set on complying by his morals and the fact that Nora disobeyed them would dishonor herShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1489 Words   |  6 Pagesmany other types of literature, drama relies on several separate components all working together to tell a story. These components serve to draw an audience in, create a believable situat ion, and illicit a particular response. The play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen provides an excellent example for analysis, with each component strongly supported. Often the first, and most obvious, component that can be observed when reading drama is the point of view that it is written from. Point of viewRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House1433 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual morals go against the social appearance, but in value, individuals perceive a need for an appearance to convey a sense of belonging. Within two diverse yet similarly realist dramas, A Doll’s House and Death of a Salesman societal appearance’s stands above all else. Henrick Ibsens A Dolls House embarks on the gender fitting and domesticity of the Victorian Era at its worse as Nora Helmers unrealistic marriage falls within her grasps, leading to rebellion. Arthur Miller, on the other handRead More Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House Ibsenss play is a modern tragedy which functions on two levels, questioning the established social order of the day and presenting the death of a marriage. Both these events create a great deal of tension, and combined with the language and actions used by the characters, make the play very intense. The main cause of dramatic tension throughout the play is the way that the difference between the real nature of the characters and the roles they are assignedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay example1182 Words   |  5 Pages Phylogeny versus misogyny, arguable one of the greatest binary oppositions in a work of literature, is present in Henrik Ibsen’s 1879 Norwegian play A Doll’s House. The title itself suggests a misogynist view, while the work mainly consists of feminist ideology, as Ibsen was a supporter of the female as an independent, rather than a dependent on a male. Nora knew herself that her husband did not fully respect her, and this became a major conflict in the play as Nora progressively became more self-reliantRead MoreThe Masquerade in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚   In A Doll House, Ibsen presents us with Torvald and Nora Helmer, a husband and wife who have lived together for eight years and still dont know each other. This rift in their relationship, caused in part by Torvalds and Noras societally-induced gender roles and also by the naivete of both parties to the fact that they dont truly love one another, expands to a chasm by the end of the play, ultimately causing Nora to leave Helmer. Throughout most of the play, Ibsen continually has his charactersRead More Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pages Marriage is a forever commitment between two individuals to love one another but marriages dont always have the fairytale happy ending. In Henrik Ibsens play A Doll House, Nora and Torvald Helmer learn some things about their marriage that they had not realized before. Nora Helmer discovers Torvald, herself, her marriage, as well as her own identity as a woman. Nora Helmer, the wife of Torvald Helmer, throughout the whole play has been keeping a secret from her husband. A few yearsRead MoreEssay on Themes and Symbols in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House1296 Words   |  6 Pagesdoll-child† (Ibsen 1491). Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House tells a story of scandal and deceit set in the Victorian era. Nora Helmer is married to Torvald Helmer and she feels more like his toy than his wife. Nora had to have Torvald to be able to do anything, because of when she lived. Nora borrows money behind her husband’s back (which is illegal at this time) and tries to cover up everything she has done. Ibsen employs the use of many themes and symbols in his A Doll House to show the reader just howRead More Noras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesNoras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House      Ã‚  Ã‚   In every society power is the bringer of fortune and influence. In his play A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen portrays, through the character of Nora, the power women are gaining in patriarchal societies. Nora, who symbolizes all women, exercises her power throughout the entire play. She cleverly manipulates the men around her while, to them, she seems to be staying in her subordinate role. In all three acts of the play Nora controls manyRead MoreThe Theme of Feminism in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay2521 Words   |  11 Pagesand social dependence, and her dependence through her children. In A Doll’s House, Ibsen argues that a dependent woman will be passive and unwilling to speak her mind. She will not try to understand the abstract reality of life, unless it contain to her lifestyle at home. Instead she will let the title of her marriage suppress her. She will lose sight of finding her own independence and instead become a doll living in a house. Nora, the protagonist of the play has all of these qualities Nora’sRead MorePet Names and Belittlement: Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House1329 Words   |  6 PagesIn a dolls house, Ibsen has combined several characters with diverse personal qualities and used them to develop the story line as well as bring to life the major themes and issues that the plot is meant to address. Primarily there are two types of characters who can be categorized as static and dynamic, the static characters remain the same form the start to the end of a story and despite the events taking place around them, and they do not change their perception or altitudes. These types of characters

The Laws of Cyberspace †Lawrence Lessig Free Essays

The Laws of Cyberspace Lawrence Lessig †  Draft 3  ©Lessig 1998: This essay was presented at the Taiwan Net ’98 conference, in Taipei, March, 1998. †  Jack N. and Lillian R. We will write a custom essay sample on The Laws of Cyberspace – Lawrence Lessig or any similar topic only for you Order Now Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Stud- ies, Harvard Law School. Thanks to Tim Wu for extremely helpful comments on an earlier draft. Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 Before the revolution, the Tsar in Russia had a system of internal passports. The people hated this system. These passports marked the estate from which you came, and this marking determined the places you could go, with whom you could associate, what you could be. The passports were badges that granted access, or barred access. They controlled what in the Russian state Russians could come to know. The Bolsheviks promised to change all this. They promised to abolish the internal passports. And soon upon their rise to power, they did just that. Russians were again free to travel where they wished. Where they could go was not determined by some document that they were required to carry with them. The abolition of the internal passport symbolized freedom for the Russian people — a democratization of citizenship in Russia. This freedom, however, was not to last. A decade and a half later, faced with the prospect of starving peasants flooding the cities looking for food, Stalin brought back the system of internal passports. Peasants were again tied to their rural land (a restriction that remained throughout the 1970s). Russians were once again restricted by what their passport permitted. Once again, to gain access to Russia, Russians had to show something about who they were. *** Behavior in the real world — this world, the world in which I am now speaking — is regulated by four sorts of constraints. Law is just one of those four constraints. Law regulates by sanctions imposed ex post — fail to pay your taxes, and you are likely to go to jail; steal my car, and you are also likely to go to jail. Law is the prominent of regulators. But it is just one of four. Social norms are a second. They also regulate. Social norms — understandings or expectations about how I ought to behave, enforced not through some centralized norm enforcer, but rather through the understandings and expectations of just about everyone within a particular community — direct and constrain my behavior in a far wider array of contexts than any law. Norms say what clothes I will wear — a suit, not a dress; they tell you to sit quietly, and politely, for at least 40 minutes while I speak; they or- 2 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 ganize how we will interact after this talk is over. Norms guide behavior; in this sense, they function as a second regulatory constraint. The market is a third constraint. It regulates by price. The market limits the amount that I can spend on clothes; or the amount I can make from public speeches; it says I can command less for my writing than Madonna, or less from my singing than Pavarotti. Through the device of price, the market sets my opportunities, and through this range of opportunities, it regulates. And finally, there is the constraint of what some might call nature, but which I want to call â€Å"architecture. † This is the constraint of the world as I find it, even if this world as I find it is a world that others have made. That I cannot see through that wall is a constraint on my ability to know what is happening on the other side of the room. That there is no access-ramp to a library constrains the access of one bound to a wheelchair. These constraints, in the sense I mean here, regulate. To understand a regulation then we must understand the sum of these four constraints operating together. Any one alone cannot represent the effect of the four together. *** This is the age of the cyber-libertarian. It is a time when a certain hype about cyberspace has caught on. The hype goes like this: Cyberspace is unavoidable, and yet cyberspace is unregulable. No nation can live without it, yet no nation will be able to control behavior in it. Cyberspace is that place where individuals are, inherently, free from the control of real space sovereigns. It is, in the words of James Boyle, the great techno-â€Å"gotcha† — nations of the world, you can’t live with out it, but nations of the world, when you’ve got it, you won’t live long with it. My aim today is a different view about cyberspace. My aim is to attack this hype. For in my view, the world we are entering is not a world of perpetual freedom; or more precisely, the world we are entering is not a world where freedom is assured. Cyberspace has the potential to be the most fully, and extensively, regulated space that we have ever known — anywhere, at any time in our history. It has the potential to be the antithesis of a space of freedom. And unless we understand this potential, unless we see how this might be, we are likely to sleep through this transition from freedom into 3 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 control. For that, in my view, is the transition we are seeing just now. Now I want to make this argument by using the two introductions that I began with today — the story about Bolshevik Russia, and the idea about regulation. For they together will suggest where cyberspace is going, and more importantly, just how we can expect cyberspace to get there. First the idea: Just as in real space, behavior in cyberspace is regulated by four sorts of constraints. Law is just one of those constraints. For the hype notwithstanding, there is law just now in cyberspace — copyright law, or defamation law, or sexual harassment law, all of which constrain behavior in cyberspace in the same way that they constrain behavior in real space. There are also, perhaps quite surprisingly, norms in cyberspace — rules that govern behavior, and expose individuals to sanction from others. They too function in cyberspace as norms function in real space, threatening punishments ex post by a community. And so too with the market. The market constrains in cyberspace, just as in real space. Change the price of access, the constraints on access differ. Change the structure of pricing access, and the regulation of marginal access shifts dramatically as well. But for our purposes, the most significant of these four constraints on behavior in cyberspace is the analog to what I called architecture in real space: This I will call code. By code, I simply mean the software and hardware that constitutes cyberspace as it is—the set of protocols, the set of rules, implemented, or codified, in the software of cyberspace itself, that determine how people interact, or exist, in this space. This code, like architecture in real space, sets the terms upon which I enter, or exist in cyberspace. It, like architecture, is not optional. I don’t choose whether to obey the structures that it establishes — hackers might choose, but hackers are special. For the rest of us, life in cyberspace is subject to the code, just as life in real space is subject to the architectures of real space. The substance of the constraints of code in cyberspace vary. But how they are experienced does not vary. In some places, one must enter a password before one gains access; in other places, one can enter whether identified or not. In some places, the transactions that one engages produce traces that link the transactions 4 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 back to the individual; in other places, this link is achieved only if the individual chooses. In some places, one can select to speak a language that only the recipient can hear (through encryption); in other places, encryption is not an option. The differences are constituted by the code of these different places. The code or software or architecture or protocols of these spaces set these features; they are features selected by code writers; they constrain some behavior by making other behavior possible. And in this sense, they, like architecture in real space, regulate behavior in cyberspace. Code and market and norms and law together regulate in cyberspace then as architecture and market and norms and law regulate in real space. And my claim is that as with real space regulation, we should consider how these four constraints operate together. An example — a contrast between a regulation in real space, and the same regulation in cyberspace — will make the point more clearly. Think about the concern in my country (some might call it obsession) with the regulation of indecency on the net. This concern took off in the United State early in 1995. Its source was an extraordinary rise in ordinary users of the net, and therefore a rise in use by kids, and an even more extraordinary rise in the availability of what many call â€Å"porn† on the net. An extremely controversial (and fundamentally flawed) study published in the Georgetown University Law Review reported the net awash in porn. Time and Newsweek both ran cover stories articles about its availability. And senators and congressmen were bombarded with demands to do something to regulate â€Å"cybersmut. † No doubt the fury at the time was great. But one might ask, why this fury was so great about porn in cyberspace. Certainly, more porn exists in real space than in cyberspace. So why the fury about access to porn in a place to which most kids don’t have access? To understand the why, think for a second about the same problem as it exists in real space. What regulates the distribution of porn in real space? First: In America, laws in real space regulate the distribution of porn to kids— laws requiring sellers of porn to check the age of 5 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 buyers, or laws requiring that sellers locate in a section of the city likely to be far from kids. But laws are not the most significant of the constraints on the distribution of porn to kids. More important than laws are norms. Norms constrain adults not to sell porn to kids. Even among porn distributors this restriction is relatively effective. And not just social norms. The market too, for porn costs money, and as kids have no money. But the most important real space constraint is what I’ve called architecture. For all of these other regulations in real space depend on this constraint of architecture. Laws and norms and market can discriminate against kinds in real space, since it is hard in real space to hide that you are a kid. Of course, a kid can don a mustache, and put on stilts, and try to enter a porn shop to buy porn. But for the most part, disguises will fail. For the most part, it will be too hard to hide that he is a kid. Thus, for the most part, constraints based on being a kid are constraints that can be effective. Cyberspace is different. For even if we assume that the same laws apply to cyberspace as to real space, and even if we assume that the constraints of norms and the market carried over as well, even so, there remains a critical difference between the two spaces. For while in real space it is hard to hide that you are a kid, in cyberspace, hiding who you are, or more precisely, hiding features about who you are is the simplest thing in the world. The default in cyberspace is anonymity. And because it is so easy to hide who one is, it is practically impossible for the laws, and norms, to apply in cyberspace. For for these laws to apply, one has to know that it is a kid one is dealing with. But the architecture of the space simply doesn’t provide this information. Now the important point is to see the difference, and to identify its source. The difference is a difference in what I want to call the regulability of cyberspace — the ability of governments to regulate behavior there. As it is just now, cyberspace is a less regulable space than real space. There is less that government can do. The source of this difference in regulability is a difference in the architecture of the space — a difference in the code that constitutes cyberspace as it is. Its architecture, my claim is, renders it essentially unregulable. 6 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 Or so it did in 1995, and in 1996, when the U. S. Congress eventually got around to passing its attempt to deal with this problem—the Communications Decency Act. I’m going to talk a bit about what happened to that statute, but I first want to mark this period, and set it off from where we are today. It was the architecture of cyberspace in 1995, and 1996 that made it essentially unregulable. Let’s call that architecture Net 95 — as in 1995 — and here are its features: So long as one had access to Net95, one could roam without identifying who one was. Net95 was Bolshevik Russia. One’s identity, or features, were invisible to the net then, so one could enter, and explore, without credentials—without an internal passport. Access was open and universal, not conditioned upon credentials. It was, in a narrow sense of the term, an extraordinary democratic moment. Users were fundamentally equal. Essentially free. It was against this background — against the background of the net as it was — Net95 — that the Supreme Court then considered the Communications Decency Act. Two lower courts had struck the statute as a violation of the right to freedom of speech. And as millions watched as the court considered arguments on the case — watched in cyberspace, as the arguments were reported, and debated, and critiqued. And in June, last year, the Court affirmed the decision of the lower courts, holding the statute unconstitutional. Just why it was unconstitutional isn’t so important for our purposes here. What is important is the rhetoric that lead the court to its conclusion. For the decision hung crucially on claims about the architecture of the net as it was — on the architecture, that is, of Net95. Given that architecture, the court concluded, any regulation that attempted to zone kids from porn would be a regulation that was too burdensome on speakers and listeners. As the net was, regulation would be too burdensome. But what was significant was that the court spoke as if this architecture of the net as it was — Net 95 — was the only architecture that the net could have. It spoke as if it had discovered the nature of the net, and was therefore deciding the nature of any possible regulation of the net. 7 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 But the problem with all this, of course, is that the net has no nature. There is no single architecture that is essential to the net’s design. Net95 is a set of features, or protocols, that constituted the net at one period of time. But nothing requires that these features, or protocols, always constitute the net as it always will be. And indeed, nothing in what we’ve seen in the last 2 years should lead us to think that it will. An example may make the point more simply. Before I was a professor at Harvard, I taught at the University of Chicago. If one wanted to gain access to the net at the university of Chicago, one simply connected one’s machine to jacks located throughout the university. Any machine could be connected to those jacks, and once connected, any machine would then have full access to the internet. Access was anonymous, and complete, and free. The reason for this freedom was a decision by the administration. For the Provost of the University of Chicago is Geof Stone, a former dean of the University of Chicago Law School, and a prominent free speech scholar. When the University was designing its net, the technicians asked the provost whether anonymous communication should be permitted. The provost, citing a principle that the rules regulating speech at the university would be as protective of free speech as the first amendment, said yes: One would have the right to communicate at the university anonymously, because the first amendment to the constitution would guarantee the same right vis-a-vis the government. From that policy decision flowed the architectural design of the University of Chicago’s net. At Harvard, the rules are different. One cannot connect one’s machine to the net at Harvard unless one’s machine is registered — licensed, approved, verified. Only members of the university community can register their machine. Once registered, all interactions with the network are potentially monitored, and identified to a particular machine. Indeed, anonymous speech on this net is not permitted — against the rule. Access can be controlled based on who someone is; and interaction can be traced, based on what someone did. The reason for this design is also due to the decision of an administrator — though this time an administrator less focused on the protections of the first amendment. Controlling access is the ideal at Harvard; facilitating access was the ideal at Chicago; tech- 8 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 nologies that make control possible were therefore chosen at Harvard; technologies that facilitate access chosen at Chicago. Now this difference between the two networks is quite common today. The network at the University of Chicago is the architecture of the internet in 1995. It is, again, Net95. But the architecture at Harvard is not an internet architecture. It is rather an intranet architecture. The difference is simply this — that within an intranet, identity is sufficiently established such that access can be controlled, and usage monitored. The underlying protocols are still TCP/IP — meaning the fundamental or underlying protocols of the internet. But layered on top of this fundamental protocol is a set of protocols facilitating control. The Harvard network is the internet plus, where the plus mean the power to control. These two architectures reflect two philosophies about access. They reflect two sets of principles, or values, about how speech should be controlled. They parallel, I want to argue, the difference between political regimes of freedom, and political regimes of control. They track the difference in ideology between West and East Germany; between the United States and the former Soviet Republic; between the Republic of China, and Mainland China. They stand for a difference between control and freedom — and they manifest this difference through the architecture or design of code. These architectures enable political values. They are in this sense political. Now I don’t offer this example to criticize Harvard. Harvard is a private institution; it is free, in a free society, to allocate its resources however it wishes. My point instead is simply to get you to see how architectures are many, and therefore how the choice of one is political. And how, at the level of a nation, architecture is inherently political. In the world of cyberspace, the selection of an architecture is as important as the choice of a constitution. For in a fundamental sense, the code of cyberspace is its constitution. It sets the terms upon which people get access; it sets the rules; it controls their behavior. In this sense, it is its own sovereignty. An alternative sovereignty, competing with real space sovereigns, in the regulation of behavior by real space citizens. But the United States Supreme Court treated the question of architecture as if the architecture of this space were given. It spoke as if there were only one design for cyberspace — the design it had. 9 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 In this, the Supreme Court is not alone. For in my view, the single greatest error of theorists of cyberspace — of pundits, and especially lawyers thinking about regulation in this space — is this error of the Supreme Court. It is the error of naturalism as applied to cyberspace. It is the error of thinking that the architecture as we have it is an architecture that we will always have; that the space will guarantee us liberty, or freedom; that it will of necessity disable governments that want control. This view is profoundly mistaken. Profoundly mistaken because while we celebrate the â€Å"inherent† freedom of the net, the architecture of the net is changing from under us. The architecture is shifting from an architecture of freedom to an architecture of control. It is shifting already without government’s intervention, though government is quickly coming to see just how it might intervene to speed it. And where government is now intervening, it is intervening in a way designed to change this very same architecture — to change it into an architecture of control, to make it, as I’ve said, more regulable. While pundits promise perpetual freedom built into the very architecture of the net itself, technicians and politicians are working together to change that architecture, to move it away from this architecture of freedom. As theorists of this space, we must come to understand this change. We must recognize the political consequences of this change. And we must take responsibility for these consequences. For the trajectory of the change is unmistakable, and the fruit of this trajectory, poison. As constitutionalists, we must then confront a fundamentally constitutional uestion: if there is a choice between architectures of control and architectures of freedom, then how do we decide these constitutional questions? If architectures are many, then does the constitution itself guide us in the selection of such architectures? In my view, constitutional values do implicate the architecture of this space. In my view, constitutional values should guide us in our design of this space. And in my view, constitutional values should limit the types of regulability that this architecture permits. But my view is absent in thinking about government’s role in cyberspace. Indeed, my nation — for many years the symbol of freedom in world where such freedom was rare — has become a leader in pushing the architecture of the internet from an archi- 10 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 tecture of freedom to an architecture of control. From an architecture, that is, that embraced the traditions of freedom expressed in our constitutional past, to an architecture that is fundamentally anathema to those traditions. But how? How can the government make these changes? How could the government effect this control? Many can’t see how government could effect this control. So in the few minutes remaining in my talk today, I want show you how. I want to sketch for you a path from where we are to where I fear we are going. I want you to see how these changes are possible and how government can help make them permanent. Return then with me to the idea that began this essay — the point about the different modalities of constraint — and notice something important about that idea that we have not so far remarked. I said at the start that we should think of law as just one of four modalities of constraint; that we should think of it as just one part of the structure of constraint that might be said to regulate. One might take that to be an argument about law’s insignificance. If so many forces other than law regulate, this might suggest that law itself can do relatively little. But notice what should be obvious. In the model I have described law is regulating by direct regulation — regulating an individual through the threat of punishment. But law regulates in other ways as well. It regulates, that is, indirectly as well as directly. And it regulates indirectly when it regulates these other modalities of constraint, so that they regulate differently. It can, that is, regulate norms, so norms regulate differently; it can regulate the market, so that the market regulates differently; and it can regulate architecture, so that architecture regulates differently. In each case, the government can coopt the other structures, so that they constrain to the government’s end. The same indirection is possible in cyberspace. But here, I suggest, the indirection will be even more significant. For here the government can not only regulate indirectly to advance a particular substantive end of the government. More significantly, the government can regulate to change the very regulability of the space. The government, that is, can regulate the architectures of cyberspace, so that behavior in cyberspace becomes more regulable — 11 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 indeed, to an architecture potentially more regulable than anything we have known in the history of modern government. Two examples will make the point — one an example of the government regulating to a particular substantive end, and the second, following from the first, an example of the government regulating to increase regulability. The first is the regulation of encryption. The government’s concern with encryption has been with the technology’s use in protecting privacy — its ability to hide the content of communications from the eyes of an eavesdropping third party, whether that third party is the government, or a nosy neighbor. For much of the history of the technology, the American government has heavily regulated the technology; for a time it threatened to ban its use; it has consistently banned its export (as if only Americans understand higher order mathematics); and for a period it hoped to flood the market with a standard encryption technology that would leave a backdoor open for the government to enter. The most recent proposals are the most significant. Last November, the FBI proposed a law that would require manufacturers to assure that any encryption system have built within it either a key recovery ability, or an equivalent back door, so that government agents could, if they need, get access to the content of such communications. This is government’s regulation of code, indirectly to regulate behavior. It is indirect regulation in the sense that I described before, and from a constitutional perspective — it is brilliant. Not brilliant because its ends are good; brilliant because the American constitution, at least, offers very little control over government regulation like this. The American constitution offers little protections against the government’s regulation of business; and given the interests of business, such regulations are likely to be effective. My second example follows from the first. For a second use of encryption is identification — as well as hiding what someone says, encryption, through digital certificates, can be used to authenticate who some it. With the ability to authenticate who someone is, the government could tell where someone comes from, or how old they are. And with this ability — through certifying IDs — passports on the information superhighway — governments could far more easily regulate behavior on this highway. 12 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 It would recreate the power to control behavior — recreate the power to regulate. Note what both regulations would achieve. Since the US is the largest market for internet products, no product could hope to succeed unless it were successful in the United States. Thus standards successfully imposed in the US becomes standards for the world. And these standards in particular would first facilitate regulation, and second, assure that communications on the internet could be broken into by any government that followed the procedures outlined in the bill. But the standards that those government would have to meet are not the standards of the US constitution. They are whatever standard local government happen to have — whether that government be the government of Mainland China, or Switzerland. The effect is that the United States government would be exporting an architecture that facilitates control, and control not just by other democratic governments, but by any government, however repressive. And by this, the US would move itself from a symbol of freedom, to a peddler of control. Having won the cold war, we would be pushing the techniques of our cold war enemies. *** How should we respond? How should you — as sovereigns independent of the influence of any foreign government — and we, as liberal constitutionalists respond? How should we respond to moves by a dominant political and economic power to influence the architecture of the dominant architecture of regulation by code — the internet? Sovereigns must come to see this: That the code of cyberspace is itself a kind of sovereign. It is a competing sovereign. The code is itself a force that imposes its own rules on people who are there, but the people who are there are also the people who are here — citizens of the Republic of China, citizens of France, citizens of every nation in the world. The code regulates them, yet they are by right subject to the regulation of local sovereigns. The code thus competes with the regulatory power of local sovereigns. It competes with the political choices made by local sovereigns. And in this competition, as the net becomes a dominant place for business and social life, it will displace the regulations of local sovereigns. You as sovereigns were afraid of the competing influence of na- 13 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 tions. Yet a new nation is now wired into your telephones, and its influence over your citizens is growing. You, as sovereigns, will come to recognize this competition. And you should come to recognize and question the special ole that the United States is playing in this competition. By virtue of the distribution of resources controlling the architecture of the net, the United States has a unique power over influencing the development of that architecture. It is as the law of nature were being written, with the United States at the authors side. This power creates an important responsibility for the United States — and you must assure that it exercises its power responsibly. The problem for constitutionalists — those concerned to preserve social and political liberties in this new space — is more difficult. For return to the story that began this talk — the world of internal passports. One way to understand the story I’ve told today about cyberspace is in line with this story about the Tsar’s Russia. The birth of the net was the revolution itself; life under Net95 was life in Bolshevik Russia (the good parts at least, where internal passports were eliminated); the Net as it is becoming is Stalin’s Russia, where internal passports will again be required. Now there’s a cheat to that story — a rhetorical cheat that tends to obscure an important fact about real space life. For we all live in the world of internal passports. In the United States, in many places, one cannot live without a car; one can’t drive a car without a license; a license is an internal passport: It says who you are, where you come from, how old you are, whether you’ve recently been convicted of a crime; it links your identity to a database that will reveal whether you’ve been arrested (whether convicted or not) or whether any warrants for your arrest in any jurisdiction in the nation are outstanding. The license is the internal passport of the modern American state. And no doubt its ability to control or identify is far better than the Tsar’s Russia. But in the United States — at least for those who don’t appear to be immigrants, or a disfavored minority — the burden of these passports is slight. The will to regulate, to monitor, to track, is not strong enough in the United States to support any systematic effort to use these passports to control behavior. And the will is not strong enough because the cost of such control is so great. There are not checkpoints at each corner; one isn’t required to register 14 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 when moving through a city; one can walk relatively anonymously around most of the time. Technologies of control are possible, but in the main far too costly. And this costliness is, in large part, the source of great freedom. It is inefficiency in real space technologies of control that yield real space liberty. But what if the cost of control drops dramatically. What if an architecture emerges that permits constant monitoring; an architecture that facilitates the constant tracking of behavior and movement. What if an architecture emerged that would costlessly collect data about individuals, about their behavior, about who they wanted to become. And what if the architecture could do that invisibly, without interfering with an individuals daily life at all? This architecture is the world that the net is becoming. This is the picture of control it is growing into. As in real space, we will have passports in cyberspace. As in real space, these passports can be used to track our behavior. But in cyberspace, unlike realspace, this monitoring, this tracking, this control of behavior, will all be much less expensive. This control will occur in the background, effectively and invisibly. Now to describe this change is not to say whether it is for the good or bad. Indeed, I suggest that as constitutionalists, we must acknowledge a fundamental ambiguity in our present political judgments about liberty and control. I our peoples are divided in their reaction to this picture of a system of control at once perfect, and yet invisible. Many would say of this system — wonderful. All the better to trap the guilty, with little burden on the innocent. But there are many as well who would say of this system — awful. That while professing our ideals of liberty and freedom from government, we would have established a system of control far more effective than any in history before. So the response to all this is not necessarily to give up the technologies of control. The response is not to insist that Net95 be the perpetual architecture of the net. The response instead is to find a way to translate what is salient and important about present day liberties and constitutional democracy into this architecture of the net. The point is to be critical of the power of this sovereign—this emerging sovereign—as we are properly critical of the power of any sovereign. What are these limits: As government takes control or influences the architecture of the code of the net, at a minimum, we 15 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 must assure that government does not get a monopoly on these technologies of control. We must assure that the sorts of checks that we build into any constitutional democracy get built into regulation by this constitution — the code. We must assure that the constraints of any constitutional democracy — the limits on efficiency constituted by Bills of Rights, and systems of checks and balances — get built into regulation by code. These limits are the â€Å"bugs† in the code of a constitutional democracy — and as John Perry Barlow says, we must build these bugs into the code of cyberspace. We must build them in so that they, by their inefficiency, might recreate some of the protections we have long known. *** Cyberspace is regulated ? by laws, but not just by law. The code of cyberspace is one of these laws. We must come to see how this code is an emerging sovereign — omnipresent, omnipotent, gentle, efficient, growing — and that we must develop against this sovereign the limits that we have developed against real space sovereigns. Sovereigns will always say — real space as well as cyberspace — that limits, and inefficiencies — bugs — are not necessary. But things move too quickly for such confidence. My fear is not just that against this sovereign, we have not yet developed a language of liberty. Nor that we haven’t the time to develop such language. But my fear is that we sustain the will — the will of free societies for the past two centuries, to architect constitutions to protect freedom, efficiencies notwithstanding. 16 How to cite The Laws of Cyberspace – Lawrence Lessig, Essay examples